Explore the Local Group of Galaxies

Our planet orbits a star inhabiting an immense spiral galaxy called the Milky Way. We can see the Milky Way as part of our night sky. It looks like a faint band of light running through the sky. From our vantage point, its tough to tell that were actually inside a galaxy, and that conundrum had astronomers puzzled until the early years of the 20th Century. In the 1920s, astronomers discussed strange spiral nebulae they were seeing in photographic plates. Theyd been known to exist since at least the mid 1800s, when Lord Rosse (William Parsons) began finding these objects through his telescope. By the early 20th century, some scientists held the view that these spirals are simply part of our own galaxy. Others maintained that they are individual galaxies outside the Milky Way. When Edwin P. Hubble observed a variable star in a distant spiral nebula and measured its distance, he discovered its galaxy was not part of our own. It was a momentous finding and led to the discovery of other galaxies in our nearby neighborhood, including the members of the Local Group. An artists concept of what our galaxy looks like from outside. Note the bar across the center and the two main arms, plus smaller ones. NASA/JPL-Caltech/ESO/R. Hurt The Milky Way is one of about fifty galaxies in the group. Its not the largest spiral; that would be the Andromeda Galaxy. There are also many smaller ones, including oddly shaped  Large Magellanic Cloud and its sibling the Small Magellanic Cloud, along with some dwarfs in elliptical shapes. The Local Group members are bound together by their mutual gravitational attraction and they stick together quite well. Most galaxies in the universe are  accelerating away from us, driven by the action of dark energy, but  the Milky Way and the rest of the Local Group family are close enough together that they stick together through the force of gravity. A graphical representation of the Local Group of galaxies, including our own. It contains at least 54 individual members. Antonio Ciccolella, CC BY-SA 4.0 Local Group Stats Each galaxy in the Local Group has its own size, shape, and defining characteristics. The galaxies in the Local group take up a region of space about 10 million light-years across. And, the group is actually part of an even larger group of galaxies known as the Local Supercluster. It contains many other groups of galaxies, including the Virgo Cluster, which lies about 65 million light-years away. The Major Players of the Local Group There are two galaxies that dominate the local group: our host galaxy, the Milky Way, and the Andromeda galaxy. It lies some two and a half million light-years away from us. Both are barred spiral galaxies and almost all of the other galaxies in the local group are bound gravitationally to one or the other, with a few exceptions. Andromeda and the Milky Way are the two largest members of the local group. In the distant future, they will be colliding. This artists concept shows that collision from the point of view of a planet in the Milky Way. Credit: NASA; ESA; Z. Levay and R. van der Marel, STScI; T. Hallas; and A. Mellinger Milky Way Satellites The galaxies that are bound to the Milky Way galaxy include a number of dwarf galaxies, which are smaller stellar cities that have spherical or irregular shapes. They include: Sagittarius Dwarf GalaxyLarge and Small Magellanic CloudsCanis Major DwarfUrsa Minor DwarfDraco DwarfCarina DwarfSextans DwarfSculptor DwarfFornax DwarfLeo ILeo IIUrsa Major I DwarfUrsa Major II Dwarf Andromeda Satellites The galaxies that are bound to the Andromeda galaxy are: M32M110NGC 147NGC 185Andromeda IAndromeda IIAndromeda IIIAndromeda IVAndromeda VAndromeda VIAndromeda VIIAndromeda VIIIAndromeda IXAndromeda XAndromeda XIAndromeda XIIAndromeda XIIIAndromeda XIVAndromeda XVAndromeda XVIAndromeda XVIIAndromeda XVIIIAndromeda XIXAndromeda XXTriangulum Galaxy (third-largest galaxy in the local group)Pisces Dwarf (unclear if it is a satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy or the Triangulum Galaxy) Other Galaxies in the Local Group There some oddball galaxies in the Local Group that may not be gravitationally bound to either the Andromeda or the Milky Way galaxies. Astronomers generally lump them together as part of the neighborhood, although they are not official members of the Local Group.   The galaxies NGC 3109, Sextans A and the Antlia Dwarf all appear to be gravitationally interacting but are otherwise unbound to any other galaxies. This member of the Local Group is called NGC 3109, as seen by the Galaxy Explorer spacecraft. It may be interacting with another nearby galaxy. NASA/GALEX   There are other nearby galaxies that do not seem to be interacting with any of the above groups of galaxies. They include some nearby dwarfs and irregulars. Others are being cannibalized by the Milky Way in an ongoing cycle of growth that all galaxies experience.   Galactic Mergers Galaxies in close proximity to each other can interact in colossal  mergers if conditions are right. Their gravitational pull on each other leads to a close interaction or an actual merger. Some galaxies mentioned here have and will continue to change over time precisely because they are locked in gravitational dances with each other. As they interact they can rip each other apart. This action — the dance of the galaxies —  significantly alters their shapes. In some cases, the collisions end up with one galaxy absorbing another. In fact, the Milky Way is in the process of cannibalizing a number of dwarf galaxies.   A group of interacting galaxies as seen by Hubble Space Telescope. NASA/ESA/STScI The Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies will continue to eat up other galaxies as time goes by. This appears to be what has happened to create most (if not all) of the galaxies we see today. In the distant past, smaller ones merged to become larger ones. Large spirals then merge and create ellipticals. Its a sequence that has been observed throughout the evolution of the universe. Will Mergers in the Local Group Affect Earth? Certainly the ongoing mergers will continue to reshape the Local Group galaxies, changing their shapes and sizes. The ongoing evolution of galaixes will almost certainly affect the Milky Way, even as it goes about gobbling up smaller galaxies. For example, theres some evidence the Magellanic Clouds might merge with the Milky Way. And, in the distant future  Andromeda and the Milky Way will collide to create a large elliptical galaxy that astronomers have nicknamed Milkdromeda. This collision will commence in a few billion years and radically alter the shapes of both galaxies as the gravitational dance commences. Fast Facts: The Local Group The Milky Way is part of the Local Group of galaxies.The Local Group has at least 54 members.The largest member of the Local Group is the Andromeda Galaxy. Sources Frommert, Hartmut, and Christine Kronberg. â€Å"The Local Group of Galaxies.†Ã‚  Messiers Telescopes, www.messier.seds.org/more/local.html.NASA, NASA, imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/features/cosmic/local_group_info.html.â€Å"The Universe within 5 Million Light YearsThe Local Group of Galaxies.†Ã‚  The Hertzsprung Russell Diagram, www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/localgr.html. Edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Leonardo Davincis Accomplishments in Anatomy - 1066 Words

L eonardo Da Vinci is famous as a painter, sculptor and inventor. In reality he was so much more, with the range of topics in his arsenal of knowledge being anatomy, zoology, botany, geology, optics, aerodynamics and hydrodynamics to name a few. He did play a large role in the development of knowledge about anatomy and the human body. He was one of the greatest anatomists of his time, although unrecognized for it during his lifetime. Today-more than five hundred years after it was created, there is probably no more recognizable drawing of the human body than Leonardos Vitruvian Man. Vitruvian Man, although well known, many people still do not know the meaning, or the idea that Da Vinci was trying to portray other than a man with†¦show more content†¦He remedies this by advising that the anatomist should make a model of the organ that he is dissecting and then use this as the basis for his drawing. In other words model making and scientific art go hand in hand: we must reconstruct reality before we can represent it. In the case of a hand or a leg these models are used primarily to reveal structure in terms of relationships between different layers of arteries, muscles, bones, etc. These layers vary in number from eight to ten. In other cases these models are intended to reveal both structure and function. For instance, Leonardo makes a glass model of the heart such that the flow of millet seeds in clear water or using water with different colored dyes so that flow patterns can be traced. He deals with anatomy and physiology together and doesn’t make a clear distinction between them, like we do today in modern medicine. One of the most striking features of his notebooks is the manner in which he presents his work. There is no criticism of earlier authors, nor boasting of his own accomplishments. His style is in the form of a teaching manual with descriptions written as advice, showing how someone might proceed if they were performing the same tasks as Da Vinci. The drawings are famous for their anatomical accuracy and the virtuosity of the pen and ink technique employed. Medics today still use his drawings for reference. Not

The Organizational Strategy and Leadership

Question : Discuss about the Organizational Strategy and Leadership ? Answer : Introduction In the sales of food processing market, frozen bakery market contributes a major portion of the globe. The prime reason for the consumers to opt for these products is that they can be reserved for a long period. Mithwani (2015) states that among all the frozen baked material, pizza crust is the most sold product and it contributes the maximum share of the profitability that the frozen bakery industry acquired. The concerned frozen products hold around 8% of the total frozen food market and people consume this project as part of their daily meal (Nguyen 2013). In addition to that, after pizza crust, selling of bread and cookies are in leads that are consumed by a majority of people (Nayak and Waterson 2016). Image 1: Percentage of consumption of frozen baked products (Source: Nayak and Waterson 2016) Nguyen (2013) argues that though these foods tastes good but they have some pitfalls. People face health problems like indigestion and obesity. Thus, in order to make the business of this industry profitable, frozen bakery companies should focus on evolving food technology and use of modern machinery. The prime objective of the assessment is to analyze the external environmental factors of the frozen bakery industry. Thus, porters five forces will be carried out along with the current trend of the frozen bakery industry and their performance in retails and also evaluate their catering-and-industrialalong with the analysis of their distribution channel (Jeong et al. 2013). The future of frozen bakery industry and their market drivers will also be discussed in the assessment. Porters Five Forces Analyses of Frozen Bakery Industry Porters Five Forces Analysis of the Factors Bargaining power of suppliers The bargaining power of the supplier is high The demand of these foods is high in the market and there are several manufacturers, which produces same products. Some of the manufactures also produce diversified products range that is served with customized solutions (Sekon and Rahman 2014). Thus, the presence of various local and international brand, supplier have high bargaining product. Bargaining power of buyers The bargaining power of the buyer is high People can easily get these frozen bakery products from small retail stores at lesser prices than in the established supermarkets and thus they can compare these price and bargain for the best possible prices (Litvinova et al. 2015). Rivalry among companies The rivalry among companies is medium In the small region, there is few frozen bakery organization and thus no significant competition cam be noticed. However, in the regional level, these industries create an oligopolistic situation. Threat of new entrants The treat of new employees is low The high demand of the frozen bakery products that comply with the required food requirement like the use of high quality materials that affects less to the health needs perfect planning and RD setup (Lim et al. 2014). Thus, for new entrants investing such a huge amount of money is difficult and thus there is less chance for competition. Threat of substitute products The threat of substitute is high Frozen bakery food products are good in taste; however, there are several organization who delivers fresh food products that are full of nutrients and health-conscious people prefer to consume this food more than the other products (Zerrillo et al. 2016). Table 1: Porters Five Forces analysis of Frozen Bakery Industry (Source: Created by author) Analysis of frozen bakery industry International Cold Chains Kiumarsi et al. (2014) depict that a supply chain through the temperature-controlled storage process is termed as a cold chain. The frozen products like the pastry, bread and pizza crust have to be stored in the refrigerator so that these products can be used as per as the convenience of the users. All the products should not exceed the temperature of 4C while refrigeration (Martinez-Monzo et al. 2013). The cold chain logistics also plays a crucial role in the managing the demands of this food in the market. Image 2: Cold chain management setup (Source: Kiumarsi et al. 2014) The concept of cold chain logistic management is beneficial when it comes to supplying this baked food to distant places in the hot climate. People can use the products easily and this will provide a good competitive advantage to the selected industry. International Frozen Food Market It can be seen from the statistics that global frozen food market size exceeded to $250 billion by the year 2015, and proper technology is used so that the nutrients materials like vitamins and minerals can be preserved (Martnez-Monzo et al. 2013). It is also expected that the positive influence on the overall industry can be estimated over the next eight years. Famous industries like Pizza Hut, McDonald's and Burger King also uses inventory in frozen media that their food products can be preserved for a longer time. Pinto et al. (2014) also depict that number of supermarket, fast-food chains are developing rapidly, and hence the preservation of the baked frozen food becomes an obligation. Current Frozen Bakery Industry Frozen Bakery Industry Retail In this section, the different retail store will be considered like the convenience/artisan bakery store and in-stores bakers: Convenience/artisan bakery store Bakers Maison is one of the leading frozen bakery food retailers in Australia having a diverse range of baked products like Gourmet Mixed Rolls, Gourmet Catering White, Mini Hamburger Bun (Sliders), Baguette White and others (Bakersmaison.com.au 2016). The factors that drive customer towards this store are their wide range of frozen food and temperature-controlled facilities. In-stores bakers Moudon et al. (2013) depict that mostly in North American and European regions the demand for frozen baked food is more and due to the same reason, the retails store have their own in-store bakeries. Frozen Bakery Industry Catering Industrial As mentioned earlier, the solely authorized frozen food bakers face challenges due to the development of many restaurants, fast food centers, and coffee shops. Thus, the current bakery industry also includes these food hubs. Moreover, as international cuisines and recipes use frozen food and its variants, thus, these food hubs needs to care about the high quality of the product. These segments comprises a large share of the market through the following sectors Food Services The business of the frozen bakery products is rising due to the development of hotel and hospitality industries. In Australia, Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC) classify the activities and the working procedure of the bakery ingredients that can be used by the hotel industry (Abs.gov.au 2016). Catering The frozen bakery industry also supports the catering organizations, as people now prefer fast food due to its taste. Thus, by collaborating with various catering agencies Other services The baker's organization also have the opportunity for their growth by associating with many small and emerging food agencies so that they can attain more profitability. Frozen Bakery Industry Distribution Channel Image 3: Supply chain of the frozen bakery food (Source: Costa et al. 2013) Costa et al. (2013) also define that the baker's industries have different distribution channels that are discussed in this section: Direct Marketing This is the conventional way of marketing, where the bakery industry directly supplies their products to the retail shop, hospitality industry and the local food hubs. Li and Wang (2014) define the positive aspect of this approach, that is the quality, and the quantity can be assured at the time of purchasing. commerce The considered industry can use this new technology in order to target more consumers. They can formulate an official online shopping website, Facebook Fan page, YouTube or Twitter account where they can broadcast their recent initiatives and innovations to users present across the globe and provide their service for effective market expansion (Tuten and Solomon 2014). 5.3.3 Export Opportunities The frozen bakery industry can make export their products either to their subsidiary companies that are present in other nations or in order to fulfill the order of the customer who makes demands of their products through online websites. This, not only provide the opportunity to expand their services being the nations barrier about it will also help in attaining brand recognition. Frozen Bakery Industry Market Drivers Some of the market drivers are: Consistency of safety and taste Kenijz and Sokol (2013) states that the health and trend in wellness must have it be considered bu the organization who are selling these packaged frozen baked products. They must be aware of the expiry dates and the composition of the food. The good quality and the nutritious products that are offered to the people should possess greater taste. Economic growth High population leads to the high demands of the food and the since the frozen baked food is easy to attain and cook in homes and hotel industry they have the opportunity to grow their business not for their profitability but also for the economic growth of the nation. High demands of the frozen products As the demand of these food items is high in busy markets like Australia, food manufacturers must provide improved nutritional frozen products. This high demand should fulfill by the concerned industry for their future market expansion. Innovation techniques There is various machines and technology developed in the market through which the bakery items can be developed. Moreover, these industries can also attract the users by making new shapes and incorporating new flavors in the baked products. In this way, the frozen bakery industry can attain high profitability. Efficient bakers Some people are there who are interested in bakery industry and desires to take it as their professional career. Waddington (2014) also depicts that there are many institutions for bakery classes. Thus, the frozen bakery can associate with these institutions so that efficient bakers can be employed for a significant performance in the bakery industry. Future of Frozen Bakery Industry Expansion of the business The bakeries can associate with the hospitability and catering industries so that they can expand their business through several business connections. Moreover, adopting the recent business trend of an online business method, more customers can be attracted. In this way, both the domestic and international market can be targeted. New Product Launches Gimenez-Bastida et al. (2015) explain that not only the new design of the bakery products is essential but also launching new products is crucial. Every frozen bakery organization should research about the recent market demands and innovate products in order to satisfy the consumers demand. Mergers and acquisitions of firms By means of merging and acquisition, many frozen bakery industries can gain the opportunity of carrying out a competitive strategy to offer their products to a significant group of customers. Taken an example of Aryzta and Klemme, which is a company of Switzerland and Germany respectively (aryzta 2016; Klemme-ag.com 2016). The former company acquired the latter one in manufacturing and distribution of the frozen bakery products and thus in this way; they expand their business. Conclusion Thus, it is concluded from the entire discussion that the demand of the food products is increasing and hence the frozen foods are increasing. In Australia, where people are busy with their professional life, they have the tendency to purchase products that are easy to cook and good to taste. This provides an opportunity to the frozen bakery industry to expand their business. Thus, the future trend is to utilize the new technology not only to enhance the quality of the food also abut to innovate food products that can match with the recent trend of the community. Moreover, Increasing number of consumers in the frozen bakery industry also results in proper business expansion. The consistency of safety and taste, economic growth, high demands of the frozen products along with the innovation techniques and recruitment of efficient bakers are some of the key drivers that can help to define the future trend of the frozen bakery industry. New product launches, mergers and acquisitions of f irms are also some of the ways through which the frozen bakery industry can expand their business. Reference List Abs.gov.au., 2016.1292.0 - Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification (ANZSIC), 2006 (Revision 2.0). [online] Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/1292.02006%20(Revision%202.0)?OpenDocument [Accessed 19 Dec. 2016]. aryzta., 2016.aryzta. [online] Available at: https://www.aryzta.com/ [Accessed 19 Dec. 2016]. Bakersmaison.com.au., 2016.Home. [online] Available at: https://www.bakersmaison.com.au/ [Accessed 19 Dec. 2016]. Costa, C., Antonucci, F., Pallottino, F., Aguzzi, J., Sarri, D. and Menesatti, P., 2013. A review on agri-food supply chain traceability by means of RFID technology.Food and Bioprocess Technology,6(2), pp.353-366. Gimnez-Bastida, J.A., Pisku?a, M.K. and Zieli?ski, H., 2015. Recent advances in processing and development of buckwheat derived bakery and non-bakery productsa review.Pol. J. Food Nutr.Sci,65, pp.9-20. Jeong, J.S., Jeong, H.N., Ko, K.H., Moon, J.H. and Kang, H.G., 2013. Success Factors of Paris Baguettes Bakery Franchise Business.Asia Marketing Journal,15(2), pp.1-27. Kenijz, N.V. and Sokol, N.V., 2013. Pectic substances and their functional role in bread-making from frozen semi-finished products.European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences,2(2), p.253. Kiumarsi, S., Jayaraman, K., Mohd Isa, S. and Varastegani, A., 2014. Marketing strategies to improve the sales of bakery products of small-medium enterprise (SMEs) in Malaysia.International Food Research Journal,21(6), pp.2101-2107. Klemme-ag.com., 2016. Klemme AG - Frozen Bakery Products: Neuigkeiten. [online] Available at: https://www.klemme-ag.com/89.0.html?no_cache=1 [Accessed 19 Dec. 2016]. Li, C.H. and Wang, H.B., 2014. Exploring the Relations between Service Quality and Consumer Behaviors-A case study of 85 C Bakery Caf from Taiwan.International Journal of Organizational Innovation (Online),6(3), p.31. Lim, S.A.H., Antony, J. and Albliwi, S., 2014. Statistical Process Control (SPC) in the food industryA systematic review and future research agenda.Trends in food science technology,37(2), pp.137-151. Litvinova, T., Morozova, I. and Yatsechko, S., 2015. Experiential Marketing as a Tool of Improvement of Competitiveness of Enterprises in the Market of Bread and Bakery Products.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,6(3 S6), p.11. Martnez-Monz, J., Garca-Segovia, P. and Albors-Garrigos, J., 2013.Trends and innovations in bread, bakery, and pastry.Journal of Culinary Science Technology,11(1), pp.56-65. Mithwani, A.M.O., 2015. Factors Influencing Strategy Implementation in the Bakery Industry in Mombasa County.The International Journal of Business Management,3(8), p.185. Moudon, A.V., Drewnowski, A., Duncan, G.E., Hurvitz, P.M., Saelens, B.E. and Scharnhorst, E., 2013. Characterizing the food environment: pitfalls and future directions.Public health nutrition,16(07), pp.1238-1243. Nayak, R. and Waterson, P., 2016. The Assessment of Food Safety Culture: An investigation of current challenges, barriers and future opportunities within the food industry.Food Control. Nguyen, K.T., 2013.The Corner Market-Connecting the Past and Future Neighborhood(Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Tech). Pinto, D., Castro, I., Vicente, A., Bourbon, A.I. and Cerqueira, M.., 2014. Functional Bakery Products: An Overview and Future Perspectives.Bakery Products Science and Technology, p.431. Sekon, K.K. and Rahman, P.K., 2014. RhamnolipidbiosurfactantsPast, Present and future scenario of global market.Frontiers in microbiology. Tuten, T.L. and Solomon, M.R., 2014.Social media marketing. Sage. Waddington, D.J. ed., 2014.Education, Industry and Technology: Science and Technology Education and Future Human Needs(Vol. 3). Elsevier. Zerrillo, P.C., Mathur, S., Lee, M. and Lim, C., 2016.BreadTalk: Continuous Innovation to Keep the Brand Fresh.

Tropical Rainforests Of The World Essays (5424 words) -

Tropical Rainforests Of The World In this term paper, I will explain the great importance of the tropical Rainforests around the world and discuss the effects of the tragedy of rainforest destruction and the effect that it is having on the earth. I will talk about the efforts being made to help curb the rate of rainforest destruction and the peoples of the rainforest, and I will explore a new topic in the fight to save the rainforest, habitat fragmentation. Another topic being discussed is the many different types of rainforest species and their uniqueness from the rest of the world. First, I will discuss the many species of rare and exotic animals, Native to the Rainforest. Tropical Rainforests are home to many of the strangest looking and most beautiful, largest and smallest, most dangerous and least frightening, loudest and quietest animals on earth. There are many types of animals that make their homes in the rainforest some of them include: jaguars, toucans, parrots, gorillas, and tarantulas. There are so many fascinating animals in tropical rainforest that millions have not even identified yet. In fact, about half of the world's species have not even been identified yet. But sadly, an average of 35 species of rainforest animals are becoming extinct every day. So many species of animals live in the rainforest than any other parts of the world because rainforests are believed to be the oldest ecosystem on earth. Some forests in southeast Asia have been around for at least 100 million years, ever since the dinosaurs have roamed the earth. During the ice ages, the last of which occurred about 10,000 years ago, the frozen areas of the North and South Poles spread over much of the earth, causing huge numbers of extinctions. But the giant freeze did not reach many tropical rainforests. Therefore, these plants and animals could continue to evolve, developing into the most diverse and complex ecosystems on earth. The nearly perfect conditions for life also help contribute to the great number of species. With temperatures constant at about 75-80 degrees Fahrenheit the whole year, the animals don't have to worry about freezing during the cold winters or finding hot shade in the summers. They rarely have to search for water, as rain falls almost every day in tropical rainforests. Some rainforest species have populations that number in the millions. Other species consist of only a few dozen individuals. Living in limited areas, most of these species are found nowhere else on earth. For example, the maues marmoset, a species of monkey, wasn't discovered until recently. It's entire tiny population lives within a few square miles in the Amazon rainforest. This species of monkey is so small that it could fit into a persons hand! In a rainforest, it is difficult to see many things other than the millions of insects creeping and crawling around in every layer of the forest. Scientists estimate that there are more than 50 million different species of invertebrates living in rainforests. A biologist researching the rainforest found 50 different of ants on a single tree in Peru! A few hours of poking around in a rainforest would produce several insects unknown to science. The constant search for food , water, sunlight and space is a 24-hour pushing and shoving match. With this fierce competition, it is amazing that that so many species of animals can all live together. But this is actually the cause of the huge number of the different species. The main secret lies in the ability of many animals to adapt to eating a specific plant or animal, which few other species are able to eat. An example of such adaptations would be the big beaks of the toucans and parrots. Their beaks give them a great advantage over other birds with smaller beaks. The fruits and nuts from many trees have evolved with a tough shell to protect them from predators. In turn toucans and parrots developed large, strong beaks, which serves as a nutcracker and provides them with many tasty meals. Many animal species have developed relationships with each other that benefit both species. Birds and mammal species love to eat the tasty fruits provided by trees. Even fish living in the Amazon River rely on the fruits dropped from forest trees. In turn, the fruit trees depend upon these animals to eat their fruit, which helps them to spread their seeds to far - off parts of the forest. In some cases both species are so dependent upon each other that if one

Courts As Legislators Essays - , Term Papers

Courts As Legislators Courts As Legislators The purpose of this paper is to show that although not originally intended to, some our modern day courts in the United States have in essence become legislators. I will give a brief overview of the history of courts and site some cases where the decisions handed down or the opinions of the court have set precedent in the way the law is understood and enforced. As long as man has been on this earth there have been conflicts or disputes that needed to be resolved by a third party. By definition, a court is a.) a place where legal justice is administered b.) a judicial tribunal duly constituted for the hearing and determination of cases. The recognized existence of even primitive courts implies a relatively high degree of social organization and the need for systematic resolution of disputes based on established customs and rules of conduct. Courts have been set up to hear disputes between two or more parties. In medieval European history a Curiae was a court, or group of persons, who attended to a ruler at any given time for disputes of social, political or judicial purposes were resolved. It's composition and functions varied considerably from time to time and from country to country during a period when executive, legislative and judicial functions were not as distinct as they were later to become. The ruler and the curia made all policy a nd decisions either great or small and if the ruler was a powerful one, were as active as a modern day court of law. The curia of England underwent an evolution from the medieval curiae. It was known as Curia Regis, which was introduced at the time of the Norman Conquest (1066) and lasted until the end of the 13th century. The Curia Regis was the start that the higher courts of law, the Privy Council and the Cabinet, evolved from. About the same time, the Curia undertook financial duties. The members were called justices and in the king's absence presided over the court. In 1178, Henry II took another step by appointing five Curia members to form a special court of justice, which became the Court of Common Pleas. Initially the justices of this court followed the King's court from place to place, but Magna Carta (1215) provided for the court to be established in one place. There was also Ecclesiastical courts, which was a tribunal set up by religious authorities to deal with disputes among clerics or with spiritual matters between clerics and layman. Although you can find such courts today among the Jews, Muslims and some Christian sects, their functions have become limited to strictly religious issues and the governance of church property. During earlier periods, the ecclesiastical courts often heard matters of the non-spiritual, and during the Middle Ages; the Roman Catholic Church even rivaled the non-spiritual courts in power. Some of the secular matters dealt with included anything to do with marriage and exclusive jurisdiction over cases involving wills. In England, the ecclesiastical courts had complete jurisdiction in matters of succession of personal property until the 16th century, and then in competition with the courts of chancery, until 1857. In many areas, where royal justice was insufficient, church court assumed jurisdiction. However, by the end of the 14th century, as the administration of royal justice increased, so did the heightened controversy between the two powers. The secular authorities found ways to diminish to power of the ecclesiastical courts, thus rendering their jurisdiction to that of spiritual matters. The civil contract of marriage was separated from the sacrament and other contracts and wills were brought into the secular domain. In England today the ecclesiastical courts exercise jurisdiction in civil cases concerning church buildings and in criminal cases in which clergymen are accused of spiritual crimes. As our forefathers came to America, they brought with them the ideals that were set before them in their native country. Although they left England looking for a new way of life, they used these ideals as the basis for a new society. With the Constitution of the United States a new form of government was formed. The three branches of federal government that arose from this are:

Trench warfare Essay Example

Trench warfare Essay Example Trench warfare Essay Trench warfare Essay Warfare World War I was one of the most historic wars in United States history. The war was mostly fought In France or Germany. What sparked the start of the war was the assassination of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand. There were 65 million men from 30 countries flatting In the war and there were over 35 million casualties. Trench Warfare was one of the many ways used to fight In World War I. The method of fighting was to have trenches, and other enemys would also have trenches across the plains. They would each try, and do little raids on their enemys. The ranches were a tough place to live, sleep, eat, and battle in. Trench life was brutal, you would have to sleep underground on the rock solid ground. The soldiers would put their coat over them as that was the only thing they had to keep them warm. If it rained outside they would have to deal with sleeping in puddles with rats, frogs, and beetles. The dugout was a small room where the commander or soldiers slept in. They would even sometimes have to take turns on who gets to sleep because one person had to keep guard for enemy attacks. Overall sleeping in trenches was not a UN time for any soldiers during the war. There was always a dally routine that the soldiers had to do even If there wasnt an attack. The routine would start with a stand to. At this time all the sleeping soldiers were woken up. They would grab a gun or a weapon and get ready for morning raids. After the stand to the soldiers would have breakfast and clean the weapons. After breakfast, there would be an inspection to make sure the guns are clean and their clothes are too. They would also check their feet for trench foot. All the men that werent fighting had chores to do like fill sandbags and repair the ranches. After they were done with their chores for the day they were free until next task. It was very boring and they would have a lot of free time. They would write a note back to their loved ones and tell them they are alive. Another thing is clean their weapons and clothing. Also they would play games Like cards. This Is also the time to start and cook their own meals. They would have one more stand to at night time with the same routine. Some weapons they used were flame throwers and mustard gas. The Germans started to use flame throwers in the asses. They had a huge range of 40 meters so hat made them a great trench warfare weapon. Mustard gas was also a deadly type of weapon in WWW as enemies used them to raid. They would throw in a gas bomb. The soldiers that threw it, were equipped with gas masks so they were able to walk right in and fire. Sadly, the soldiers inside were not and there were many casualties from gas and flame throwers. Deaths were also very normal in the Great War. Soldiers would always be losing friends. There were many ways a soldier could die in the trenches. When the soldiers looked over the parapet they would have a high risk of getting sniped by the enemy. The last thing was death from all types of disease Like trench foot. The soldiers not only had to deal with enemies that were human, but also with rats and other manias and insects. Rats in packs of millions infested the trenches. I nerve were two types AT rats, Dalai Ana Drown. I en rats love t trenches. They would eat the dead soldiers eyes and livers. After they would feast on human flesh they would go and scavenge food from the soldiers. This would cause many deaths as the rats would put diseases into the food they ate. Some rats loud grow to be the size of a cat on how much they ate. The soldiers in the trenches were scared of the rats. They would use any method to kill the beasts. A couple things they used was the bayonet on their gun, shooting or smacking them with their guns. One rat in the trench can produce up to 900 offspring in a year. Rats werent the only scare in the trenches. Lice was a normal thing in the trenches. Up to 95% of the soldiers living in the trench had some case of lice. There was body lice, which would have lice on them from being so dirty, and those lice would plant eggs. There was also head lice. Men chose shaving their heads to not have to deal with lice. Lice not only itched but caused Trench Fever, it was a deadly disease, it was pain that was followed by a very high fever. Other ensconces are frogs, slugs, and beetles. Another terrible thing that the soldiers had to deal with was the horrible smell. There were many things that caused the trenches to smell as bad as they did. The rotting flesh of dead soldiers would make the trenches reek. Sometimes the men would die, and their dead bodies werent found quickly so they would sink into the du and rot. Also, Just the stench of common humans that did not have the luxury of taking a bath. Also, the smell of dried up sweat and cigarette smoke added to the stench. There was a constant smell of strong cleaning supplies as the men would try to rid themselves of diseases. Last, but not least the smell of battle, the odor of gases and gun smoke were everywhere. The United States started to Join the war in 1917. It took them about another year to get all their supplies and troops over there. Therefore, the Americans were not really involved in trench warfare. Trench warfare really didnt affect the Americans battle style or their battle involvement. It was not a big thing that happened that got them all roused up and wanting to strike. The warfare did have a little bit of an affect on the homestead. Woman would take over the menus Jobs to pay for expenses. People from all over the country would pitch in and send food to Americans fighting in the war and in trenches. African Americans would move up to get new Job opportunities as all the soldiers and men in the country were at war. In 1917 they were not only using volunteer soldiers anymore. They needed more men to fight over in Europe and they would get them from back at the home-front. Thats why they did a military draft. During one year of the draft nearly 24 million men entered the army and 3 million went into the war. The United States food administration went under a huge change. They wanted everyone to farm so they could send food to the soldiers. They wanted regular families to grow victory gardens in their backyard. Women were taking all menus Jobs for the first time ever in American history. They would be working on the assembly lines, producing weapons, and munitions. For the iris time ever stores were hiring African Americans in their stores. The women really favored the draft because that gave them opportunities to be all they can be. For once they could do all the Jobs the men could and not Just be waitresses and caterer cents. Some women Colane In to Nell Walt meal problems. Back on the battlefield, some soldiers would even kill themselves so they would not have to endure the terrible living conditions of the trenches. Others would run out on the battlefield on purpose to get sniped by enemy. A soldiers trench life would consist of a week in the front trench. Then they would get moved to a week in the support trench, which followed by a third week in a reserve trench. In the reserve trench the soldiers could rest and do what they want. They could play sports and card games. If they wanted to they could write letters to their family back in America and cook dinner for themselves. The trenches had many main causes of how they came to be. One is the Germans in 1914, planned to invade France with the Schlemiels Plan. When the Germans came close they were tired and retreated. They dug trenches to protect themselves. When the enemy forces tried to pass and invade they would be killed instantly by machine guns and all types of gases. The trenches were so well hidden and underground so the human eye could barely see them. Because of the trench warfare, the war slowed down a lot. Trench warfare affected many lives of countries nationwide. It was a good war tactic and helped countries military a lot. Although there was many casualties in the war and the trenches brought many diseases, World War I will always go down in history to be a very important war, fought worldwide.

Implement and monitor nursing care for consumers with mental health Assignment

Implement and monitor nursing care for consumers with mental health conditions - Assignment Example Anderson’s condition and also discuss the important related functions and interventions which shall then be implemented by this nurse in order to appropriately address Mr. Anderson’s mental health problem. I have different responsibilities as far as Mr. Anderson is concerned. First and foremost, I have to recognize and accept the client as an individual (Schultz & Videbeck, 2009, p. 29). He is a person who is apart from everyone else; he has individual thoughts, emotions, and experiences which make him unique. This recognition would prompt me to treat and manage his case based on his individual circumstances, not based on generally prescribed interventions for patients manifesting his symptoms. Another responsibility that I need to fill in behalf of my client is to be his advocate (Schultz & Videbeck, 2009, p. 29). Since, he is not in the best position to care for his needs, my role would be to ensure that his rights and needs as a patient are protected and cared for. My role as a patient advocate would involve â€Å"acting on the client’s behalf when he or she cannot do so† (Videbeck, 2008, p. 96). As a nurse, my role in Mr. Anderson’s case is also to assess and plan his care (Schultz & Videbeck, 2009, p. 29). This assessment should be conducted in a detailed manner and in a manner appropriate to Mr. Anderson’s needs and condition. The assessment process shall be discussed in detail in the paragraphs that would follow. My role as a nurse would also involve â€Å"accepting the client’s perceptions and expressions of discomfort† (Schultz & Videbeck, 2009, p. 29). I have to accept that my client’s expression of discomfort are legitimate expressions without having him prove to me that he is really feeling that way. This would help establish trust and confidence between myself and Mr. Anderson and it would help him open up more about his feelings. Another responsibility I have is to respect Mr.